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It is believed that the origin of the Natural
Justice came from the concept of Natural Law
during the Greeks period. According to the
Natural Law theory, nature provides a certain
order from which the human beings can set
standard for their conduct with the help of the
reason. Based on such a primitive theory, it
was even known to people in the ancient times
such as Greeks and Romans. The standard these
principles provide is that there should be the
right to fair hearing and absence of biasness to
the individuals in the decision making process.1
The two basic principles of natural justice
are –

1. Nemo judex in causa sua :
   No one should be a judge in his own cause or
   Rule against Bias2 :
   The requirement of the principle is that the
   decision-maker should be opened to persuasion
   but don’t require that he/she must be with a blank
   mind.3 Biasness may be financial/pecuniary or
   personal one.

Abstract
GST – Goods and Services tax is expected
to be launched from the 1st of July 2017. The
vision of Prime minister being One Nation One
tax. It is a single tax right from the suppliers of
the products to the consumers of the products
or services. The main idea behind introducing
GST is to consolidate the multiple indirect taxes
that are existing now which will help the Indian
economy by improved competitiveness for trade
and industry. The benefit of GST is to bring in
uniformity in tax structure by applying uniform
rates across the country. GST is simple to
administer by the central and state government.
Key words : Uniformity in Taxes, value
addition, Input tax credit
Introduction :
The Goods and Services Tax or GST is expected
to be launched on the 1st of July 2017 and it is set
to transform the way we execute our taxes. This
perspective is to understand the concept of GST
and how it will impact and transform the reform the
current tax structure.
We begin with the definition of Goods &
Services Tax as, it is a comprehensive, multi-stage,
destination-based tax that will be levied on every
value addition.

Abstract –
Now a days e-waste management is very much
critical matter all over the world. Research on it is
going on for estimation of e-waste generation from
various electronic gadgets, remedies for reducing
e-waste and effective processing for decomposition
of e-waste materials. A traditional method to collect
and decompose e-waste in the world is a mixed
electrical, electronic waste product along with its
accessories, enclosures, batteries, wires, cables,
fixtures etc. Also for these decomposition processes
creates hazardous effects on environmental
conditions of that processing factory, ultimately
the workers suffer from it. Hence a systematic
research work for only one product mobile phone
is considered for e-waste management in this
paper. In the present work systematic survey, data
bank creation for estimation of possible e –waste
produced from various old mobiles and their
decomposition process will be studied. This will set a
protocol for e-waste management centre regarding
disposal of old Mobile phones at Modern College,
Shivajinagar, Pune.
Keywords – e-waste, recycle, Plasma TV,
degradation, models.
I. INTRODUCTION :
Revolution in technology made consumers to
abandon their consumer electronic products and
purchase the newest models such as mobile phones,
TV, PC, Laptops, Photocopier and many of electronic
gadgets. This creates a slew of discarded products
and a lot of e-waste including the products with
end of life, old electronic spares, batteries, cables,
plastic materials etc. Thus there is a major issue of
e-waste management all over the world. Electronic
waste is the electronic, electrical gadgets devices
that become older or out of order, not repairable.

The Chernobyl disaster, also referred to as the
Chernobyl accident, was a catastrophic nuclear
accident. It occurred on 26th April 1986, in the
No. 4, Light water graphite moderated reactor, at
the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, near pripyat,
in what was then part of the Ukrainian Soviet
Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union (USSR)
The power station is located nine miles
northwest of the town of Chernobyl, with a
population 12, 500 and less than two miles from
the town of Pripyat, which contains 45, 000
inhabitants. The explosion and its aftermath,
including the manner, in which the accident was
handled, have raised questions, about the safety
and future of Nuclear Power.
The Chernobyl accident resulted from several
factors : Flaws in the engineering design, which
were compensated by a strict set of procedures,
failure of the plant management to enforce
these procedures, and finally the decision of
the engineers to conduct a risky experiment.
They wanted to test, whether the plants turbine
generator, from its rotating inertia, could
provide enough power to the reactor, in case of
a power shutdown. This experiment required
disconnecting the reactors emergency core
cooling pump and other safety devices.

Progressive Education Society is a reputed and distinguished educational institution in Maharashtra. Hon’ble,
Late Shankarrao Kanitkar, along with his selfless dedicated team of teachers known for the highest moral values, laid
the foundation of the Society on the auspicious day of ‘Akshay Tritiya’ on 16th May, 1934 in Pune. P. E. Society has
been making noteworthy progress for the last 82 years along with the noble path and principles laid down by the
eminent predecessors such as Guruwarya Late S. R. Kanitkar, Late V. T. Tatke and Late M. G. Chaphekar, who were
illustrious incarnations of ceaseless hard work and sacrifice. Late S. R. Kanitkar was ably assisted by Late V. T. Tatke,
Late M. G. Chaphekar and Late Koparkar. Progressive Education Society is proud to possess the glowing tradition
of these stalwarts.
The two remarkable words that appear in the names of the Society and its educational institutions are “Progressive”
and “Modern”. The inclusion of these words was certainly with some noble intentions, which serves as a bright
beacon for P. E. Society to follow with determination.
The two words viz. ‘Progressive’ and ‘Modern’ highlight the aims and objects of this reputed educational institution.
‘Progressive’ and ‘Modern’ were the terms used in 1934 by Late S. R. Kanitkar and his colleagues to demarcate the
dreams and future road map of Progressive Education Society.

Freedom of speech in HR documents :
Concepts of freedom of speech can be found
in early human rights documents1 and the modern
concept of freedom of speech emerged gradually
during the European Enlightenment2. England’s
Bill of Rights 1689 granted ‘freedom of speech
in Parliament’ and the Declaration of the Rights
of Man and of the Citizen, adopted during the
French Revolution in 1789, specifically affirmed
freedom of speech as an inalienable right3. The
Declaration provides for freedom of expression
in Article 11, which states that: “The free
communication of ideas and opinions is one of
the most precious of the rights of man. Every
citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print
with freedom, but shall be responsible for such
abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by
law”4.
In U.S.A
The U.S. Constitution and the European
Human Rights Convention Law has played a
decisively pervasive role in many countries,
especially those whose political system is based
on the rule of law. The constitutional law on
freedom of expression epitomizes this. The First
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution ‘reaffirms
the structural role of free speech and a free press
in a working democracy’5.
In a similar way, the European Convention
on Human Rights6 represents the vision of its
forty-six contracting states for a democratic
body politic in which protection of freedom
of expression is the norm, not an exception.
By its nature, law is more or less a process of
evolution – rarely a revolution – if it reflects an
emerging consensus of a democratic society.
The constitutional history of the United States
on free speech is a case in point. The European
Convention on Human Rights history of Article
10 is similar to the U.S. Supreme Court’s common
law interpretation of the First Amendment. The
European court’s approach is ‘an evolutive
interpretation’ that allows it to construe Article
10’s variable and changing concepts in light
of modern-day conditions. As an integrated
analytical framework, this paper examines the
judicial interpretations of the U.S. Supreme
Court and the ECHR on freedom of expression
from a historical perspective. It compares the
historical development of free speech law
under the First Amendment and Article 10 of
the European Convention on Human Rights
in the sense of ‘orderly and natural long-term
‘evolution”

Abstract
Soft drinks are being consumed daily by the
youngsters. The increased consumption of soft
drinks is due to its affordability and taste. The
low cost to prepare it, leads to use of additives
containing contaminants which may lead to
health hazards. Some of the basic components
used in it may also cause bad effects due
to regular consumption. The presence of
certain components were studied in cold
drinks popular in the market and which are
frequently consumed. The cold drink samples
were screened for the presence of Glucose,
Carbon dioxide and Phosphate while its pH,
Conductivity, Nitrates, Sulphates, Alkalinity,
Chlorides and Caffeine were analysed. The
results reveal that some parameters are above
the permissible limits and the cold drinks, if
consumed on regular basis, may lead to serious
health hazards.
Keywords : Soft Drinks, carbonated
non-alcoholic beverages, health hazards,
contaminants.
Introduction
Carbonated soft drinks are known as sugarsweetened
beverages which contain water,
sweetener, flavouring agents, colouring agents,
preservatives and also caffeine2. These contents
give the drink a characteristic taste and flavour.
The consumption of these soft drinks has been
drastically increased due to easy availability,
cheap rates and bombarding advertisements.
This may lead to various health hazards like
weight gain, diabetes 2, risk of osteoporosis,
dental caries, kidney damage and also increased
blood pressure1,3. Considering all these reasons
the study was undertaken to analyse few
parameters from the cold drink and check their
permissible levels in it.

Introduction
The author begins with the marginal notes
of the Indian constitution in regards to Directive
Principles of state Policy as it commence from
the negative wordings i.e.‘unenforceable’ it
means no citizens can enforce these Directive
Principles of state Policy before anybody or
anybody.
Directive principles of state policy are
included in part IV of the Indian constitution.
Indian constitution is one among few
Constitutions of the world that has incorporated
such provisions as a part of the main body of
the Constitution.1 The Constitution makers were
inspired to include directive principles of state
policy in the Constitution by the Constitution of
Ireland.
Therefore author had attempted to compel
the State to enforce Directive Principles of State
Policy to the extent of recognizing it as a part and
parcel of basic Fundamental Rights enshrined in
the Part III of the Indian Constitution2.
Role of Judiciary in Constitutional Democracy
In a Constitutional democracy, it is believed
that the people are sovereign and they are
supposed to rule themselves. The government is
supposed to be of the people by the people and
for the people.
As we all are familiar with a large part of
the judiciary is which is recognized as the only
organ of the state which has come to the rescue
of the people of India and the only organ which
has saved the Constitution of India. It is believed
that otherwise the Constitution of India would
have been totally subverted by the Executive
and Legislature.