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Abstract—
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) present
numerous research possibilities due to the bright
and promising future of information technology.
WSNs are a group of inexpensive, less power
consuming, having multiple functions and tiny
wireless nodes that work in unison. They sense the
environment; do simple tasks like processing of
data and are able to communicate wirelessly over
a short distance. How effective a WSN will depend
on the probability of coverage and on detecting
target. Many coverage strategies like force
based (Virtual Forces Algorithm), Grid-Based
(triangular lattice, hexagon and square grid)
and computational geometry based (Voronoi and
Delaunay triangulation) are suggested. Another
method is the Particle Swarm Optimization
method (PSO). This is a type of Evolutionary
Algorithm and shows prospects in being able
to solve complex optimization problems. The
demand to achieve optimum coverage inspires
us to move towards hybrid algorithms. The
hybrid algorithms combine more than one of
the above mentioned approaches. We aspire to
achieve optimum Coverage by implementing
an algorithm called Virtual Force-directed
Co-evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization
(VFCPSO). This algorithm is a hybrid of Virtual
Forces Algorithm and Co-evolutionary PSO.
It is flexible enough for a network formed from
permutations of homogeneous, heterogeneous,
stationary and mobile sensors. The VFCPSO
predicts deploying actively with better abilities to
search overall and to converge reginally. We aim
to implement and compare the results of VFA,
PSO, VFPSO and VFCPSO. The expectation
here is to get a noticeable increase in effective
coverage area and a noticeable decrease in
average computation time.

Abstract : This research work presents,
design of five element array to investigate
the power level that can be harvested from
surrounding and processed to charge up low
power electronics circuits and devices. This
novel idea is implemented for the GSM band
applications. Wireless energy available in the
environment is received by the receiving Dipole
Antenna Array which is designed for frequency
947.5MHz, the center frequency of the GSM
downlink band 935 – 960MHz.The received
energy is stored and multiplied with electrolytic
capacitors to drive low power devices. Further
this RF energy is converted into Dc voltage with
bridge rectifier.
I. Introduction
The ever increasing use of wireless devices,
such as mobile phones, radio broadcasts, wireless
computing and remote sensing has resulted in
an increased demand and reliance on the use of
batteries [4]. With semiconductor and other IC
technologies continually striving towards lower
operating powers, batteries could be replaced by
alternative sources, such as DC power generators
employing various energy harvesting techniques
[5].
With the growth of GSM users in the country
every operator has installed powerful transmitters
and this energy is available for use other than
mobile applications but not harnessed as on date
for its other applications [4]. Hence the need of
development of such applications which can be
used effectively this available energy [3]. On the
other side the need of energy is increasing day by
day and we need additional sources particularly
for the areas where electrical transmission line
construction is not feasible because of forest or
water or economic reasons [1].

Abstract
Nano-particles can be prepared easily by
different chemical, physical and biological
approaches. But the biological approach is the
most emerging approach of preparation, because,
this method is easier than the other methods,
eco-friendly and less time consuming. In this
work green synthesis was done by using the
aqueous solution of Azadirachta indica (Neem)
and Murraya koenigii (Curry) leaf extract and
AgNO3. Silver was of a particular interest for
this process due to its evocative physical and
chemical properties. A fixed ratio of plant extract
to metal ion was prepared and the colour change
was observed which proved the formation
of nano-particles. The nano-particles were
characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and X-ray
diffraction technique. The UV-VIS spectroscopy
shows sharp absorbance around 440 nm, it also
reveals the band gap to be around 2.5 eV and
3.2 eV for Ag nano-particles synthesized using
Neem leaves and curry leaves respectively. The
particle size was found to be 35 nm and 21 nm
for Ag nano-particles synthesized using Neem
leaves and curry leaves respectively.
Keywords:
Nano-particles, Green Synthesis, UV-Vis
spectroscopy X-ray diffraction technique.

1. Introduction
   Nano-technology is one of the most rapidly
   progressing fields of technology and it has opened
   up numerous new frontiers of research for us.
   Its advent into the field targeted drug delivery,
   therapeutic drug delivery, therapeutic actions
   and as bio sensors has captured the imagination
   of the scientific community and various methods
   are being devised to from new nano-particles
   with more specifications, scientists are striving
   to come up with methods which let us control the
   shape, size,of the particles more closely.

Introduction
Any reproductive choice is a decision having
a direct impact and the greatest bearing, only on
the concerned individual(s). Like marriage and
other aspects of family life, which have a limited
effect on the community, it is an area ordinarily
left to individual decision-making. Thus, by its
very nature, the right to reproductive choice is
an aspect of the right to privacy or the “right to
be let alone.”
On one hand, women may be forced to
undergo abortion even when they don’t want
to — as with female foeticides. On the other,
she may be compelled to reproduce against her
wishes. Stereotypical depictions of women as
homemakers and mothers only contribute to
these factors.
As a result, women often resort to illegal or
unsafe abortion methods. Studies have estimated
that millions of women undergo abortion each
year and over 50% of those are done in highly
unsafe environments. Neither the Indian nor
the U.S. Constitution explicitly recognizes the
right to procreative choices or even the broader
concept of the right to privacy.
CONSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON
PROCREATIVE CHOICES
In the U.S., the right to privacy has achieved
constitutional status on the ground that it is one
of the elements of “liberty” protected by the Due
Process Clause.2 U.S.courts have interpreted
the right broadly and have extended it to cover
numerous other rights3 After the Supreme
Court’s decision in Griswold v. Connecticut,4 it
is now well settled in American constitutional
jurisprudence that the right to privacy is wide
enough to protect procreative choices from
unreasonable State interference. In subsequent
decisions, courts have invalidated requirements
of parental consent, spousal consent etc.,

The modern era of nanotechnology has its
seeds sown by renowned physicist Richard P.
Feyman in 1959 with his famous talk “There’s
plenty of Room at the Bottom,” In this speech he
talked about manipulating and controlling things
on a small scale.1 The term “Nanotechnology”
was introduced by a Japanese Scientist
Norio Taniguchi. The further development of
nanotechnology is mainly attributed to the work
of German theoretical physicist K. Eric Drexler
who used the word “nanotechnology” in his
1986 book “Engines of Creation: The Coming
Era of Nanotechnology”.
Nanotechnology is defined by National
Nanotechnology Intiative of United States
is the manipulation of matter with at least
one dimension lying in the range of 1 to 100
nanometer Science underlying nanotechnology
is called as nanoscience. Nanoscience is the
study of structures and materials on the scale of
nanometer. The term nano refers to 10-9 i.e. one
billionth of something. It can be ascribed to any
unit of measurement. Thus one nanometer (nm)
means one billionth of a meter i.e. 10-9 m. One
nanometer is on the scale of atomic diameter.
Just to compare, human hair is about 100, 000
nm thick.2
Basically nanotechnology deals with both
natural and artificial structures on nanometer
scale. This is a technology which is capable
of manipulating single atoms and molecules.
Various fields of science such as surface
science, organic chemistry, molecular biology,
semiconductor physics, microfabrication etc.
come under the umbrella of nanotechnology
with wide applications e.g. in nanomedicine,
nanoelectronics, biomaterials, energy
production, and cosmetics etc.

ABSTRACT
The Nemahari is an ecofriendly a plant based
formulation for management of root knot disease
and plant extracted products from Azadirachta
species and utilize to soil application to prevent
the root knot nematode severe infection of
mulberry and does not harm the beneficial
microflora in soil which is more effective to
inhibits the multiplication of nematode galls
and Root-knot disease of mulberry is caused
by the nematode Meloidogyne incognita. It has
important economic implications for sericulture.
and found its infection with counting more than
50 galls per plant in pune region, of Maharashtra
and its noticed caused by 8-10 percentage is
losses the foliage production of mulberry which
is affects to quality and quantum in cocoon
production per unit area. objectives are attempts
to prevent the multiplication of nematode
and reduction of galls per plant the botanical
nematicide or biopesticide was prepared as
nemahari even make a study16kg mix with 160
kg farm yard manure to apply this mixture in the
trench along root zone area of plant in the depth
15 cm and covered with the soil and repeated
after 70-80 days, in field of mulberry (Morus
sp L.) is effectively. The mulberry infected
with Meloidogyne incognita juveniles (J2).
Pretreatment (ending 6 days before inoculation)
and post-treatment (starting 6 days after
inoculation) schedules were tested. The two
uninoculated control batches were treated with
the same procedure with nemahari Both pre- and
post-treatment significantly reduced nematode
infection in terms of root gall number and
nematode population in roots of mulberry. All thetreated plants showed improved growth in terms
of fresh biomass of shoot and root, length of
shoot and root, num of leaves, leaf surface area,
root and leaf-protein content. is more effective
in all respects of nematode control as well as
growth of the test plants. Pretreatments show
slightly better effects than the post-treatments.
It is interesting that inoculated and treated
plants not only are less affected by nematodes
but also have a better growth than uninoculated,
untreated control. This biopesticide is more
useful measure in control of nematode infection
of mulberry
Keywords –
Mulberry, Meloidogyne incognita
Azadiractica,. Bivoltine silkworm
INTRODUCTION
Mulberry, the sole food source of silkworm
Bombyx mori is prone to many diseases caused
by fungi, bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma and
nematodes. These microorganisms are the main
obstacles causing considerable loss in yield and
nutritive values of mulberry foliage (Chanturia,
1963; Shree etal., 1986; Shree and Umesh
kumar, 1991).These diseases cause 10-30% leaf
yield loss reducing the quality. Root knot disease
caused by nematode Meloidogyne incognita is a
serious one and causes 10-12% leaf yield loss.

1. INTRODUCTION
   The term ADR means Alternative Dispute
   Resolving System, is used to describe a variety
   of dispute resolution processes that are available
   in alternative to full-fledge court process.
   This includes settlement through mediation,
   negotiation, mini-trial, arbitration etc. Most
   of the systems look and feels very much like a
   courtroom process. Processes designed to manage
   community tension or facilitate community
   development issues can also be included within
   the area of ADR. In the Indian context, Alternative
   Dispute Resolution (“ADR”) as a method of
   dispute resolution may trace its evolution to
   certain drawbacks in the judicial system of
   the country. To overcome the shortcomings of
   the judicial process the aggrieved parties now
   days tend to go for ADR process. ADR process
   may generally be categorized as negotiation,
   conciliation/mediation or arbitration systems.
   Since the legitimacy of the ADR mechanism is
   premised on parties consenting to the process, the
   costs of engaging with either the parallel system
   or benefiting from the ills of the formal system
   have to be raised considerably high to drive the
   parties to consent to the ADR processes.
   It is a question for our perusal that with
   what aim and object these ADR models were
   introduced? Whether that has been achieved or
   not? Or the whole efforts are futile?
2. MODELS OF ADR USED IN INDIA
   Many ADR models as well as hybrid of ADR
   models are presently available in India. For e.g.
   panchayats, arbitration, conciliation, mini-trial,
   fast track system, negotiation, Lok adalat etc.
   Lok adalats are useful for settling motor accident
   claims and revenue matters. However, complex
   litigation must necessarily take place within the
   formal legal system.

Abstract :
Today, trend of Indian Banking Environment,
are facing issues of managing the non performing
assets. The NPA is one of the major hurdles facing
by the Indian Public Sector Banks and Private
Sector Banks. The performance of the banks can
be evaluated by analyzing the branches of the
banks and how much deposit the banks have till
date. But in recent trend to analyze the banks
performance one more factor we must have to
consider i.e. Non Performing Assets. The Article
puts a light on the current status of the level of
nonperforming assets in selected public sector
band and private sector band in Indian Banking
Industry. The Article gives the clear picture
about the NPA management of SBI and ICICI
bank within the span of last 5 years. What are
the reasons for increasing in NPA and what
precautions the banks are taking to overcome the
major issue which the banks are facing in terms
of NPA.
Keywords : Non Performing Assets,
Comparison between Public sector and Private
sector Banks.
Introduction :
Indian Banking industry is the most stable
segment of financial sector. The Indian Banking
sector stood firm in the period of recession
because of which Indian economy stood firm in
the crucial phase of recession. From the last two
decade India’s banking industry facing some
inevitable burden in the form of Non Performing
Assets. Today’s success and good performance
is depend upon the proper management of NPA
and keeping it to the threshold limit decided by
the individual banks.

Abstract : In the recent era, Wearable
Technology is one of the promising and
challenging technologies.
Wearable Antennas are those antennas which
we can wear & that are designed to function while
being worn. It used for communication purposes,
which includes tracking and navigation, mobile
computing and public safety. It also has various
applications in the field of medical, mobile
communication, navigation and military.
Textile is used as a patch in such antennas.
Textile patch antenna uses fabric material for
substrate, patch and ground and it becomes part
of wearable clothing.
Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a range
of frequency (3 GHz to 12 GHz) used for
communication purposes, for the transmission
of data from transmitting antenna to receiving
antenna. It is an emerging technology that
promises high-speed data transmission at low
cost for wireless communications.UWB is the
best technology to be used for the purpose of
wearable applications.
Keywords – Circular Patch; UWB; Textile
material; Wearable; VSWR; Return Loss; SAR.
I. INTRODUCTION :
To meet the requirement of wearable
applications, antenna should be small in size i.e.
.low profile, conformability, easy association
with other circuit components and very important
easy to bend & easy to withstand with moisture,
wet conditions.

Abstract – In this paper development of
ARM-7 microcontroller based potentiostat for
the electrochemical laboratory is described.
Its operation is based on the three electrode
potentiostat. The use of microcontroller allows;
generation of excitation potential, acquisition of
sensed analog current, processing and storage
of data. The developed system is used for the
identification and quantification of analyte with
the use of computer program.
Keywords :
potentiostat, ARM-7, microcontroller,
electrochemical laboratory.
I. Introduction
Electrochemical sensors are widely used
in the laboratory for the detection of physical
signals in various processes, such as pH
measurement [1], glucose detection [2], and
nucleic acid identification [3]. Measurement
based on electrochemical sensors is much more
economical and convenient than chromatographic
and spectroscopic techniques [4]. The reason is
electrochemical sensors do not need expensive
optical set-ups. The electrochemical sensors are
passive type sensors. The physical parameters
sensed by the sensors is converted into
electrical signal with the use of transducer and
DC power source. A potentiostat is commonly
used transducer in the electrochemical sensing
system. It converts the sensors output into the
analog signal. Many scientists have developed
the potentiostat required for sensing system.
For instance, Frey developed potentiostat for
biosensor chips [5], Turner investigated a CMOS
potentiostat [6], Bandopdhyaya [7] developed a
multichannel potentiostat.